Recombinant DNA Technology:
Recombinant Technology was first discovered in 1968, by Werner Arber, a Swiss microbiologist. During the process, the desired genes from a source organism are separated and inserted into the host. The desired gene is selected first, then a vector is identified which carries the desired genes. After this, the genes are separated and integrated to form recombinant DNA. This recombinant DNA is then introduced to the host. After the process, the host is observed and it is ensured that these genes are carried to their offspring.
For example, genes for desired plastids are selected and are separated from the host organisms. These are then inserted into the host plant which results in a transgenic organism with desired genes
Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology:
The enzymes play the role of scissors in the process. Restriction enzymes help in cutting the sequence by locating the desired gene in the vector, polymerases help in synthesizing and ligase helps in binding. Restriction enzymes are of two types called Endonucleases and Exonucleases.
The Endonucleases cut the desired genes with the DNA strand. These are sequence-specific enzymes and cut the DNA at specific points. These specific points or sites are also called restriction sites.
The Exonucleases cut the nucleotides from the ends of the strands. The vector organisms help in carrying the desired genes and integrating them into the host organism. The most common vectors used in the process are bacteriophages and plasmids. These vectors have a high copy number hence are preferred. The host organism in which the recombinant DNA is introduced is the tool of the recombinant technology which takes the genes from the vector with the help of enzymes.
Process of Recombinant DNA Technology:
Recombinant Technology is done by following different steps to generate an organism with the desired genes.
The first step involves the isolation of genetic material from the host. These genetic materials are separated maintaining that they are free from macromolecules.
In the second step, restriction enzymes are used which determine the location of the desired genes in the vector DNA.
In the third step, the gene copies are amplified to thousands of copies through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the restriction enzymes.
In the next step, the cut fragment of the DNA and the vector are ligated using the enzyme ligase.
The final steps include the insertion of Recombinant DNA into the host organism. This process is also called Transformation. Soon after insertion, the Recombinant DNA gets multiplied under the specific conditions.
Applications of Recombinant Technology in Science:
Recombinant technology is helping in the field of research across the world to find answers to the most complex questions related to gene structure, expression pattern, and regulation.
It helps in the development of advanced approaches in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and the environment. Recombinant technology is used to produce advanced medicines to treat various diseases. For example, Lispro is insulin which is better than the regular insulin which has been used currently. Epoetin alfa is a recombinant protein that is used to treat anemia and has proved very effective. In agriculture, the technology is used to produce advanced varieties of tomatoes, rice rich in golden proteins, Bt-cotton to prevent the cotton plants from worms and other pests.
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